Frugging refers to which of the following practices?

Frugging is specifically defined as the practice of conducting fundraising efforts under the guise of research or surveys. In this context, organizations may solicit information from potential donors or the public while presenting themselves as conducting a legitimate research project. The intention behind frugging is often to gather contact information for future solicitation without the individuals realizing that they are being approached for fundraising purposes.

Using research as a pretext can lead to a lack of transparency and trust, as the individuals participating may feel deceived when they discover that their input is actually being used to solicit donations rather than for genuine research purposes. This is why frugging is viewed negatively in ethical fundraising practices; it compromises the integrity of both the fundraising effort and the relationship between organizations and potential donors.

In contrast, the other options involve legitimate fundraising or research practices that maintain clarity in intention and do not mislead participants, making them distinctly different from frugging.